Akodon caenosus is a rodent in the genus Akodon found in northwestern Argentina and south-central Bolivia. Since its description in 1918, it has been alternatively classified as a separate species or a subspecies of Akodon lutescens (formerly Akodon puer ). The species Akodon aliquantulus, described from some very small Argentine specimens in 1999, is now recognized as a synonym of A. caenosus.
Akodon caenosus is very small, averaging 19.3 g (0.68 oz) in weight, and variable in coloration, but generally brown. The underparts are sharply different in color from the upperparts. The skull has a short rostrum (front part), broad interorbital region (between the eyes), and narrow braincase. The karyotype includes 34 chromosomes. A. caenosus mostly occurs in Yungas vegetation and breeds mainly during the winter. It shares its range with many other sigmodontine rodents, including three other species of Akodon.
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starts withAkodon caenosus is the smallest of the Argentine members of the A. boliviensis group–indeed, among the smallest of all species of Akodon. The upperparts are uniformly colored, but their tone is variable: generally ochraceous brown, but approaching yellow, red, or olivaceous in some individuals. Reddish tones occur mostly in lactating females. High-altitude animals are generally lighter, but there is also conspicuous variation within populations. The ears are similar to the upperparts, but some individuals have the sides more rich and clear in color. The underparts are clearly different in color, varying from light gray to yellowish or reddish. There are yellowish rings around the eyes, which are more highly developed in high-altitude populations. There are white to yellowish hairs on the fore- and hindfeet. The tail is variably covered with hair and is dark brown above and white to buffy below.
In the skull, the rostrum (front part) is short, the interorbital region (between the eyes) is broad and hourglass-shaped, and the braincase is small. The zygomatic plate, the flattened front part of the zygomatic arch, is narrow, with poorly developed zygomatic notches at their front, but there is considerable variation in the features of the plate. The incisive foramina (openings in the front part of the palate) extend back to between the first molars. The mesopterygoid fossa, the openings behind the bony palate, is very narrow. In the mandible (lower jaw), the masseteric ridges, which anchor some of the chewing muscles, extend to near the front margin of the first molar. The capsular process, raising in the back part of the mandibular bone that accommodates the root of the incisor, is poorly developed. The upper incisors are orthodont (with the chewing edge in the horizontal plane) to slightly opisthodont (with the chewing edge inclined backward). The molars show some accessory crests and other features, such as the anteroloph on the first upper molar and the mesoloph on the first and second upper molar.
In twelve adult Argentine A. caenosus, total length is 124 to 169 mm (4.9 to 6.7 in), averaging 151 mm (5.9 in); tail length is 46 to 75 mm (1.8 to 3.0 in), averaging 62 mm (2.4 in); hindfoot length is 20 to 26 mm (0.79 to 1.02 in), averaging 21 mm (0.83 in); ear length is 12 to 15 mm (0.47 to 0.59 in), averaging 13 mm (0.51 in); and weight is 10.5 to 27.5 g (0.37 to 0.97 oz), averaging 19.3 g (0.68 oz). The karyotype includes 34 chromosomes with a fundamental number of 40 major arms (2n = 34, FN = 40). The autosomes includes three large and one very small pairs of metacentrics, with two long arms, and twelve small to medium-sized acrocentric pairs, which have a long and a very short arm. The X chromosome is medium-sized and subtelocentric, with a long and a short arm, and the Y chromosome is very small and is acrocentric in Jujuy specimens, but metacentric in those from Tucumán. The karyotype is separated from that of A. lutescens by three Robertsonian translocations.
Members of the Akodon boliviensis group, including A. caenosus, are generally similar and difficult to separate, but they differ in relative cranial measurements and some other characters. A. spegazzinii is larger than A. caenosus ; A. sylvanus is darker and has less contrast between the upper- and underparts and less well-developed eye-rings; A. polopi has a squared interorbital region and more well-developed ridges on its skull; and A. boliviensis is paler and has more densely furred ears.
Akodon caenosus is found from northwestern Argentina into south-central Bolivia. In Bolivia, it occurs in Tarija and Chuquisaca Departments. Its Argentine distribution extends from far northern Salta to southern Catamarca at altitudes ranging from 400 to 3,100 m (1,300 to 10,200 ft). It is mostly found in Yungas, but also in the highest levels of the Chaco and the lowest of the Andean mountain grasslands. It occurs together with A. boliviensis, A. sylvanus, A. simulator, and species of Oxymycterus, Calomys, Phyllotis, Oligoryzomys, Necromys, Andinomys, Graomys, and Abrothrix. Breeding occurs throughout the year, but mostly from November to January, during the summer. Molting occurs mostly during the winter and autumn. The oestrid fly Cuterebra apicalis and the flea Hectopsylla gracilis have been recorded from A. caenosus. The mites Androlaelaps fahrenholzi, Androlaelaps rotundus, and Eulaelaps stabularis have been found on A. aliquantulus.
The IUCN currently assesses A. aliquantulus as "Data Deficient" because so little is known about it, but notes that ranching and fire may threaten it. Akodon lutescens, including A. caenosus, is assessed as "Least Concern" because of its wide distribution, large population, and ability to persist in disturbed habitats. However, habitat loss may threaten Yungas populations.
