The Tar River spiny mussel or Tar River spinymussel (Elliptio steinstansana ) is a species of freshwater mussel in the family Unionidae, the river mussels. This species is endemic to North Carolina in the United States. This species is endemic to North Carolina in the United States. It is expected to become extinct without significant human intervention. Under the Endangered Species Act, this species is listed as endangered in the United States.
Tar River spinymussels are a shade of yellow/brown when young but as they grow they become darker brown. These mussels earn their name from the row of spines that run on the posterior ridge of their shells, also known as valves. Each of the valves on the Tar River spinymussels can have up to 6 spines. The larger Tar River spinymussels don’t grow larger than roughly 5.5 cm (2.2 in).
The range of the Tar River spinymussel is very restricted which indicates that the suitable habitat for this species is limited. In the Tar River basin, the Tar River spinymussels exists in small population fragments while in the Neuse River basin, there is much less of the species found. The Tar River spinymussel is mostly found in loose beds of coarse sand and gravel. They are found in areas that are wooded near streams. The spinymussel lives in water that is fast-flowing and of good quality, with less runoff and sedimentation compared to the rest of the water system.
This species is found in North Carolina. When the recovery plan was introduced, the three main populations of Tar River spinymussel were found in the main part of Tar River and in Swift Creek. The mainstream part of the Tar River contains two small populations while Swift Creek contains one larger population. All three of these populations are known to be able to reproduce. The population size of the Tar River spinymussel is estimated to be around 100-500.
The Tar River spinymussel, makes conglutinates which are filled with glochidia, the larvae of a mussel. These conglutinates are made to attract its host. Many minnow species try to eat these conglutinates which make them a known host species to the Tar River spinymussel glochidia. The glochidia then attaches to the host and after it has developed, will detach. When this species reproduces, females of the Tar River spinymussel can release up to four to five times the amount of conglutinates.
Tar River spinymussels, like many other mussels, are filter feeders. They eat algae, plankton, and silts by drawing in water. This type of feeding helps purify the water around them.
Sedimentation: Increased amounts of sediment entering streams and rivers damage the water quality of the habitat Tar River spinymussel occupies. Suspended sediment has the potential to clog the gills of freshwater mussels as well as changing the makeup of the sediments on the riverbed. Additionally, more suspended sediment leads to less light penetrating the water column which decreases phytoplankton abundance. Without sufficient phytoplankton, the mussels lose a large part of their food source.
Runoff water: High amounts of water running off of nearby non-penetrable surfaces have destabilized the stream and river banks where the Tar River spinymussel resides. Runoff water from agriculture, residence, and construction sites contain chemical pollutants that are a major threat to the extant populations. Pesticide in particular was implicated in the death of many individuals in the Tar River during a single event in 1990.
Timbering operations: Timbering and deforestation projects that operate within the Tar and Neuse river basins allow woody debris to enter the waterways and degrade the habitat of the spinymussels. Reducing the number of large trees that maintain the stability of the stream and river banks degrades the spinymussel’s habitat.
Wastewater Mismanagement: Wastewater management facilities along the Tar River have histories of violating regulations controlling effluent pollution from their sites. Wastewater effluent can introduce toxic chemicals, diseases, and microplastic pollutants into the habitat of Tar River spinymussels.
The recovery plan was first established in 1985, revised in 1992, and amended in 2019. In 1985, the reasons for listing included habitat modification/destruction, over-utilization, disease/predation, lack of regulatory mechanisms, and exotic species. The 1985 plan states that there is no need for critical habitat designation, and this has yet to be updated. For the Tar River spinymussel to be moved from endangered to threatened, the 1992 plan listed four criteria:
In 2019, these criteria were amended in three ways:
Some of the actions provided to meet these criteria include using existing legislation, getting support via educational programs, as well as searching for and monitoring populations.
