Altai marmot
The gray marmot, grey marmot, or Altai marmot (Marmota baibacina) is a species of rodent in the squirrel family Sciuridae. It is one of the larger marmots in the genus Marmota. It occurs in mountainous grasslands and shrub lands of central Asia, and is one of the 9 Palearctic (Eurasia) species. It is found in Xinjiang Province in China, southeastern Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, and in the Altai and Tien Shan Mountains in southeastern Siberia in Russia. In the Mongolian Altai, its range overlaps with that of the Tarbagan marmot. Gray marmots form social groups, live in burrows, and hibernate.
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DiurnalDiurnal animals are active during the daytime, with a period of sleeping or other inactivity at night. The timing of activity by an animal depends ...
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FolivoreIn zoology, a folivore is a herbivore that specializes in eating leaves. Mature leaves contain a high proportion of hard-to-digest cellulose, less ...
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HerbivoreA herbivore is an animal anatomically and physiologically adapted to eating plant material, for example, foliage, for the main component of its die...
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OmnivoreAn omnivore is an animal that has the ability to eat and survive on both plant and animal matter. Obtaining energy and nutrients from plant and ani...
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ZoochoryZoochory animals are those that can disperse plant seeds in several ways. Seeds can be transported on the outside of vertebrate animals (mostly mam...
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FossorialA fossorial animal is one adapted to digging which lives primarily but not solely, underground. Some examples are badgers, naked mole-rats, clams, ...
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TerrestrialTerrestrial animals are animals that live predominantly or entirely on land (e.g., cats, ants, snails), as compared with aquatic animals, which liv...
Among animals, viviparity is the development of the embryo inside the body of the parent. The term 'viviparity' and its adjective form 'viviparous'...
A burrow is a hole or tunnel excavated into the ground by an animal to create a space suitable for habitation, temporary refuge, or as a byproduct ...
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MonogamyMonogamy is a form of relationship in which both the male and the female has only one partner. This pair may cohabitate in an area or territory for...
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PolyandryPolygyny is a mating system in which one female lives and mates with multiple males but each male only mates with a single female.
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ColonialColonial animals live in large aggregations composed of two or more conspecific individuals in close association with or connected to, one another....
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HibernatingHibernation is a state of minimal activity and metabolic depression undergone by some animal species. Hibernation is a seasonal heterothermy charac...
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Not a migrantAnimals that do not make seasonal movements and stay in their native home ranges all year round are called not migrants or residents.
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starts withGray marmots are one of the largest palearctic species, weighing 4 to 6.5 kg (9 to 14.5 pounds), with some individuals reaching near 8 kg (18 pounds) before hibernation. Body size varies based on the time of year (before/after hibernation), and with latitude and elevation. Overall, body size increases at higher latitude and elevation and decreases at lower latitudes and elevation. Gray marmots may lose up to 30% of body mass during long seasonal hibernation. They are short and stocky with brawny limbs and short tails. The total body length ranges from about 60 to 80 cm (25 to 30 inches) which includes the 13-to-15-centimetre-long (5 to 6 in) tail. Forefeet have 4 digits and strong claws for digging, while the hindfeet have 5 digits. On the dorsal (back) side, the fur is beige to tan with brown to black hairs or hair tips blended throughout giving the coat a gray appearance. The ventral (belly) side is a more orange-reddish brown. The length of the tail is much like the body but has a dark brown to black tip. The ears are small and round and light colored. The face is darker brown at the cheeks with lighter yellowish brown around the mouth. Albinism occurs in this species. Gray marmots are not known to exhibit sexual dimorphism (differences between males and females), but in most marmot species the adult males are larger than adult females. Gray marmots also have cheek glands and anal glands.
Gray marmots live in mountain meadows and steppes, where they forage on sage bush in the spring, grasses and flowering plants in summer and fall. They occur in elevations from 150 to 4,000 m (490 to 13,120 feet), but may prefer mild to moderate well draining slopes with suitable soil for burrowing. The soil ranges from fine grained soft soil to soil including sand or pebbles. Their distribution extends from the Altai mountains of southwestern Siberia (Tuva, Russia), western Mongolia, northwestern China (Xinjiang), and eastern Kazakhstan, into the Tien Shan mountains of northwestern China, Kyrgyzstan, and southeastern Kazakhstan. In southeastern Kazakhstan and southwestern Siberia the range enters lower elevation, dry steppes. The gray marmot is an introduced species in the Caucasus mountains of Dagestan, Russia. In the Altai mountains of western Mongolia, the range overlaps with the Tarbagan marmot (Marmota sibirica). In this area of range overlap, competition restricts the gray marmot habitat to elevations above 3,000 m (9,800 feet) in areas with scattered boulders and rocks. Observation of hybridization between the two species and living in the same area are rare.
Gray marmots live in harsh environments with snowfall limiting food for a significant amount of time. They have evolved a yearly pattern of hibernation, reproduction, growth and then fattening for the next hibernation. Gray marmots hibernate for 7–8 months starting in fall and emerging in May. Hibernation starts between August to October depending on the location of the population, and populations at lower altitude or on south facing slopes emerge sooner.
Gray marmots live in social groups called extended families with multiple individuals living in a burrow and several burrows forming a colony. The extended families usually consist of a pair of dominant adults and a few subordinate adults, yearling and babies. Gray marmots also have species specific alarm calls, which can be used to distinguish them from other species. When environmental conditions are harsh extended families are limited. When conditions are moderate to good the extended families become more complex.
Gray marmots mate in early May, and often mate in burrows before they emerge from hibernation. Mating may be monogamous or polyandrous. Gestation last 40 days and the female gives birth to 2–6 babies. Females reach reproductive maturity at 2–3 years. Females alternate years of reproduction, and reabsorb embryos in harsh environmental conditions.
Social animals are those animals that interact highly with other animals, usually of their own species (conspecifics), to the point of having a rec...